GD (841 mg/m(3), 1.3 LCt(50) or 1121 mg/m(3), 1.7 LCt(50)) was aerosolized endotracheally to anesthetized male guinea pigs that were treated with atropine sulfate (5.0 mg/kg) 30 s postexposure by endotracheal microinstillation. The efficacy of endotracheal aerosolization of atropine sulfate for protection against soman (GD)-induced respiratory toxicity was investigated using microinstillation technique in guinea pigs. ![]() Perkins, Michael W Pierre, Zdenka Rezk, Peter Song, Jian Marshall, Seema Oguntayo, Samuel Morthole, Venee Sciuto, Alfred M Doctor, Bhupendra P Nambiar, Madhusoodana P PMID:7889456Įndotracheal aerosolization of atropine sulfate protects against soman-induced acute respiratory toxicity in guinea pigs. Glycopyrrolate is an effective anticholinergic agent in rabbits and rodents and more useful as a preanesthetic agent than atropine sulfate in these animals. Neither glycopyrrolate nor atropine influenced respiration rate, core body temperature or systolic blood pressure when used alone or when combined with the injectable anesthetic. Glycopprrolate also prevented a decrease in heart rate in rabbits anesthetized with ketamine:xylazine (35:5 mg/kg). Both atropine and glycopyrrolate provided protection against a decrease in heart rate in rats anesthetized with ketamine: xylazine (85:15 mg/kg) or ketamine: detomidine (60:10 mg/kg) however, glycopyrrolate was significantly more effective in maintaining the heart rate within the normal range. In rabbits atropine sulfate at either 0.2 or 2.0 mg/kg did not induce a significant increase in heart rate, but glycopyrrolate (0.1 mg/kg) elevated the heart rate above saline treated animals for over 50 min. In rats, atropine sulfate (0.05 mg/kg) and glycopyrrolate (0.5 mg/kg) produced an increase in heart rate for 30 and 240 min, respectively. Similarly six groups of rabbits (n = 5) received an IM injection of either saline, atropine (0.2 mg/kg), atropine (2 mg/kg), glycopyrrolate (0.1 mg/kg), ketamine:xylazine (35:10 mg/kg) or glycopyrrolate:ketamine:xylazine (0.1:35:10 mg/kg). Nine groups of rats (n = 5 per group) received an intramuscular (IM) injection of one of the following drugs or drug combinations: saline, atropine (0.05 mg/kg), glycopyrrolate (0.5 mg/kg), ketamine:xylazine (85:15 mg/kg), ketamine:detomidine (60:10 mg/kg), atropine:ketamine:xylazine (0.05: 85:15 mg/kg), glycopyrrolate: ketamine:xylazine (0.5:85:15 mg/kg), atropine:ketamine:detomidine (0.05: 60:10 mg/kg) or glycopyrrolate: ketamine:detomidine (0.5:60:10). Olson, M E Vizzutti, D Morck, D W Cox, A K The parasympatholytic effects of atropine sulfate and glycopyrrolate in rats and rabbits. Further testing is needed to determine clinical effect. All samples remained clear and colorless, and no substantial amount of tropine was found in any study sample. Significant amounts of atropine were found in all study samples. Tropine was found in concentrations of <10 microg/mL in all study samples. Atropine concentrations were as follows: in date, 252 microg/mL 2001 exp, 290 microg/mL 1999 exp, 314 microg/mL 1990 exp, 398 microg/mL and WW II specimen, 1,475 microg/mL. Study samples were heated, the derivitization reagents were evaporated, and the remaining compound was reconstituted in ethyl acetate for injection into the GC/MS. ![]() Pentafluoropropionic anhydride and pentafluoropropanol were then added as derivatization reagents. Study samples were prepared by adding a buffer solution to free the base, extracting with an isopropanol/methylene chloride mixture and followed by evaporating the organic layer to dryness. Standards of atropine sulfate and tropine were prepared and quantified by GC/MS. ![]() Four atropine solutions (labeled concentration of 400 microg/mL) ranging from in date to 12 years beyond expiration (exp) and an additional sample of atropine sulfate (labeled concentration of 2,000 microg/mL) obtained from a World War II era autoinjector were assayed for atropine stability. ![]() This was an in-vitro study using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The objective was to determine the stability of premixed injectable atropine sulfate samples with different expiration dates. The authors considered using atropine beyond its labeled shelf life. Schier, Joshua G Ravikumar, Padinjarekuttu R Nelson, Lewis S Heller, Michael B Howland, Mary Ann Hoffman, Robert SĪ massive nerve agent attack may rapidly deplete in-date supplies of atropine. Preparing for chemical terrorism: stability of injectable atropine sulfate.
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